Salud por Derecho has signed this letter and asks the Government of Spain to support the initiative and to put in place all the legal mechanisms needed to make it effective.
Dear Members of the World Trade Organization,
We the undersigned organisations call on all WTO Members to strongly support the adoption of the
decision text proposed by India and South Africa in their proposal for “Waiver from certain provisions
of the TRIPS Agreement for the prevention, containment and treatment of COVID19” (Waiver
Proposal).
When COVID-19 was declared to be a pandemic, there was overwhelming consensus that to curb the
spread of COVID-19, there was an urgent need for international collaboration to speed up product
development, scale up of manufacturing, expand the supply of effective medical technologies and
ensure everyone, everywhere is protected. There were even calls including from several Heads of State
for COVID-19 medical products to be treated as global public goods.
Seven months into the pandemic, there is no meaningful global policy solution to ensure access. Instead,
there is an inequality of access to critical technologies that are needed to address the pandemic. Many
countries, especially developing and least developed countries struggling to contain COVID-19 have
experienced and are facing acute shortages of medical products, including access to diagnostic testing.1
Furthermore, wealthy nations representing only 13 percent of the global population have locked up at
least half the doses of the world’s five leading potential vaccines.
In this pandemic, the pharmaceutical industry has mainly pursued “business as usual” approaches,
entrenching monopolistic intellectual property (IP) controls over COVID-19 health technologies that
restrict scale-up of manufacturing, lock out diversified suppliers, and undermine competition that
results in lower prices. A few companies, such as Astra Zeneca, have pledged not for profit prices during
the pandemic, and yet by maintaining control over these technologies, can unilaterally declare the end
of the pandemic and increase prices to maximise profits, even if it undermines international efforts to
save lives.
The COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP) launched by WHO (to voluntarily share knowledge,
IP and data), has been rejected by the pharmaceutical industry.4 Instead, companies continue to sign
secretive and restrictive licensing agreements. For example, Gilead Sciences’ secret licensing
agreements for remdesivir, a medicine that was developed with substantial public funding, are restricted
to a few manufacturers of its choosing, thereby preventing low-cost supply to nearly half of the world’s
population. Unsurprisingly, there have been global shortages of the medicine, with many developing
countries yet to see even a single vial of the treatment exported to them. Given the medicine’s limited
effectiveness, we are deeply concerned that such an approach for a safe and effective therapy will
exclude even more people from treatment access.
Additionally, emerging intellectual property infringement disputes on COVID-19 technologies
threatens to block collaborative research and development and manufacturing of COVID-19 medical
products.
These restrictive business strategies have directly translated into exorbitant pricing and profiteering,6
With entire health systems already overwhelmed by COVID-19 and with governments facing a looming
economic crisis, the health budgets of many countries simply cannot sustain highly priced COVID-19
medical products. These realities will also hinder production by any competent manufacturer and
impede the full freedom to collaborate, in developing, producing, importing and exporting the needed
medical products.
While the TRIPS Agreement contains flexibilities that can promote access, many WTO Members may
face challenges in using them promptly and effectively. For instance, compulsory license offers a
“product by product”, and “country by country” approach with variations in national laws, whereas the
pandemic requires collective global action to tackle IP barriers and facilitate technology transfer. Where
the IP barrier is beyond patents, national laws may not provide for sufficient flexibilities. Further,
Article 31bis, a mechanism to supply countries with insufficient manufacturing capacity, does not
provide an expedited solution and many countries have also opted out of using the mechanism.
Unless concrete steps are taken at the global level to address intellectual property and technology
barriers, the abovementioned failures and shortcomings will replay as new medicines, vaccines and
other medical products are rolled out. Access will have to be rationed, with devastating effects for public
health and global economic recovery.
In a global pandemic where every country is affected, we need a global solution.7 Adoption of a
Waiver at the WTO level will suspend implementation, application and enforcement of the relevant
provisions of the TRIPS Agreement in relation to prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-
19. It enables an expedited, open and automatic global solution to allow uninterrupted collaboration in
development, production and supply, and to collectively address the global challenge facing all
countries. It’s time for governments to take collective responsibility and put people’s lives before
corporate monopolies.
Therefore, we strongly request you to unequivocally support the adoption of the proposed Waiver
at the upcoming TRIPS Council meeting.
SIGNATORIES
Global
1. Commons Network
2. Curbing Corruption
3. Friends of the Earth International
4. GRAIN
5. Grail Justice and Trade Agreements Network
6. Health Action International (HAI)
7. Health Global Access Project
8. Health Poverty Action
9. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy
10. International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
11. International Treatment Preparedness Coalition
12. Knowledge Ecology International (KEI)
13. LDC Watch
14. Médecins du Monde
15. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Access Campaign
16. Oxfam
17. Pan-African International
18. Peoples Health Movement
19. People’s Vaccine Alliance
20. Public Services International (PSI)
21. Regions Refocus
22. Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary
23. Southern African Programme on Access to Medicines and Diagnosis (SAPAM)
24. Social Watch
25. Society for international Development
26. Transnational Institute
27. Transparency International Health Initiative
28. Third World Network
29. Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM)
30. Womankind Worldwide
Regional
31. Africa Development Interchange Network (ADIN),
32. African Alliance
33. Africa Young Positives Network (AY +)
34. Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development
35. Asia Pacific Network of People Living with HIV (APN+)
36. Associação Brasileira de Economia Industrial e Inovação
37. Building and Wood Workers International Asia Pacific
38. Comité de América Latina y el Caribe para la defensa de los Derechos de las Mujeres, Latin
America y el Caribe
39. DAWN (Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era), Global South
40. EEPA, Europe External Programme with Africa
41. EHNE-BIZKAIA, Euskal Herria, Basque Country
42. Eurasian harm reduction association, CEECA
43. European Alliance for Responsible R&D and Affordable Medicines, Europe
44. Focus on the Global South
45. Health Action International Asia Pacific
46. International Treatment Preparedness Coalition Regional Office for Latino America and
Caribbean
47. International Treatment Preparedness Coalition- South Asia
48. International Treatment Preparedness Coalition, Middle East and North Africa
49. National Alliance of Women / Asia Pacific Women Watch
50. NGO Forum on ADB
51. Network TB people
52. Pacific Network on Globalisation
53. Public Service Accountability Monitor (PSAM)
54. REDCA+ El Salvador, Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Panama
55. Red Latinoamericana por el Acceso a Medicamentos (RedLAM)
56. South Asia Alliance for Poverty Eradication (SAAPE)
57. Southern and Eastern Africa Trade Information and Negotiations Institute
58. The Access IBSA Project, India-Brazil-South Africa
59. The African Women’s Network for Community management of Forests
60. Treatment preparedness Coalition in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ITPCru)
61. Yolse, Santé Publique et Innovation
National
62. 1:1 diet, Gauteng, South Africa
63. 100 Percent Life, Ukraine
64. Access to Medicines Ireland
65. Access to Medicines Research Group, China
66. Acción internacional para la Salud AIS, Perú
67. Action Aid Association, India
68. Actions against AIDS (Aktionsbündnis gegen AIDS) Germany
69. Action Governance Forum – AGF, Zambia
70. Active Citizens Movement, South Africa
71. Africa Trade Network, Ghana
72. Africaine de Recherche et de Coopération pour l’appui Au Développement
Endogène (ARCADE), Senegal
73. AIDES, France
74. AIDS Access Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
75. Água Doce – Serviços Populares, Brazil
76. Alianza por la Solidaridad, Spain
77. All India Drug Action Network, India
78. Amabele Project Flamingo, South Africa
79. Anti Free Trade Agreements Committee, India
80. APINTLAW (associated program for international law), Indonesia
81. Apoyo Positivo, Madrid, Spain
82. Ari’s Cancer Foundation, South Africa
83. Arzte des Welt e.V.I Doctors of the World Germany, Germany
84. Asia Pacific Network of People Living with HIV (APN+), Thailand
85. Association Chabab El Borj, Morocco
86. Associação Brasileira Interdisciplinar de AIDS (ABIA), Brazil
87. Associação Brasileira de Saúde Bucal Coletiva, Brazil
88. Association de lutte contre la dépendance ALCD, Mauritania
89. Associação Mulher lei e desenvolvimento, Mozambique
90. Asociación por un Acceso Justo al Medicamento, Spain
91. Asociación Nacional de Profesionales en Enfermería, Costa Rica
92. Association for Promotion Sustainable Development, Hawaii
93. Association for Proper Internet Governance, Switzerland
94. Association for Public Health Teaching, Research and Service, Nigeria
95. Association Nigérienne des Scouts de l’Environnement (ANSEN), Niger
96. Association of Physicians for Humanism, Republic of Korea (South)
97. ATTAC Hungary Association, Hungary
98. Auditoría Ciudadana de la Deuda en Sanidad (Audita Sanidad), Spain
99. Australian Arts Trust, Australia
100. Both ENDS, The Netherlands
101. Brazilian Association of Public Health, Brazil
102. Bread for all, Switzerland
103. Breast Course 4 Nurses (BCN), South Africa
104. Breast Health Foundation (BHF), South Africa
105. BUKO Pharma-Kampagne, Germany
106. CADIRE CAMEROON ASSOCIATION, Cameroon
107. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Canada
108. Cancer Alliance, South Africa
109. Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA), South Africa
110. Cancer Heroes, South Africa
111. Cancer Patients Aid Association, India
112. CanSir, South Africa
113. CanSurvive Cancer Support (CanSurvive), South Africa
114. Cape Mental Health (CMH), South Africa
115. CAPRISA – Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, South
Africa
116. Care for Cancer Foundation, South Africa
117. Childhood Cancer Foundation of South Africa (CHOC), South Africa
118. CENADEP, République Démocratique du Congo
119. Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Uganda
120. Center for Law, Innovation and Creativity, Northeastern U. School of Law, United
States
121. Center for Policy Analysis on Trade and Health, United States
122. Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO), The Netherlands
123. Centre de Recherches et d’Appui pour les Alternatives de Développement – Océan
Indien, Madagascar
124. Centre national de coopération au développement (CNCD-11.11.11), Belgium
125. Centro de Internet y Sociedad de la Universidad del Rosario ISUR, Colombia
126. Centro Internazionale Crocevia, Italy
127. Citizens’ Health Initiative (CHI), Malaysia
128. Citizens Trade Campaign, United States
129. Clare Cerfontyne, South Africa
130. Coordinadora de Organizaciones de Agricultores y Ganaderos (COAG), Spain
131. Coalición de Tendencia Clasista (CTC-VZLA), Venezuela
132. Coalition of women living with HIV and AIDS, Malawi
133. COAST Trust, Bangladesh
134. Consumer Association of Penang, Malaysia
135. Consumer Association the Quality of Life, Greece
136. Co-operative and Policy Alternative Center, South Africa
137. Coordination Forum of NGOs Working among the Palestinian Community
138. Council of Canadians, Conseil des Canadiens, Canada
139. Creative Commons México, México
140. CTA Autonoma (central de trabajadores de la argentina), Argentina
141. Dandora Community Aids Support Association, Kenya
142. Delhi Network of Positive People (DNP+), India
143. Diabetes SA, South Africa
144. Difäm e.V. (German Institute for Medical Mission), Germany
145. Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa
146. Diverse Voices and Action (DIVA) for Equality, Fiji
147. Diverse Women for Diversity, India
148. Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences Stellenbosch University, South Africa
149. Doctors Without Borders (MSF), South Africa
150. Drug Action Forum-Karnataka, India
151. Ecologistas en Acción, Spain
152. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, Egypt
153. Ekumenická akademie (Ecumenical Academy), Czech Republic
154. Epilepsy SA, South Africa
155. Equidad de Género: Ciudadanía, Trabajo y Familia, Mexico
156. Environmental Management Trust, Zimbabwe
157. EQUIT Institute – Gender, Economy and Global Citizenship, Brazil
158. Equity and Justice Working Group, Bangladesh (EquityBD), Bangladesh
159. Espace associatif, Morocco
160. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
161. Farmacéuticos Mundi, Spain
162. Federación de Asociaciones para la Defensa de la Sanidad Pública, España
163. Federación Española de Asociaciones de Estudiantes de Medicina para la
Cooperación international (IFMSA-Spain), Spain
164. FIAN India
165. Fiji Youth Sexual & Reproductive Health Alliance, Fiji
166. Foaesp – Forum das Ong Aids do estado de São Paulo, Brazil
167. FOCO Foro Ciudadano de Participación por la Justicia y los Derechos Humanos,
Argentine
168. Fix the Patent Law, South Africa
169. Fondation Eboko, France/Congo
170. Food Sovereignty Ghana, Ghana
171. Foundation for AIDS Rights, Thailand
172. Foundation for Integrative AIDS Research (FIAR), United States
173. FTA Watch, Thailand
174. Fundación Arcoíris por el respeto a la diversidad sexual, Mexico
175. Fundación GEP, Argentina
176. Fundación IFARMA, Colombia
177. Fundación Karisma, Colombia
178. Fundación Mexicana para la Planeación Familiar, A. C. MEXFAM, México
179. Fundación Vía Libre, Argentina
180. Gandhi Development Trust, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
181. GAT- Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos, Portugal
182. GenderCCSA, Gauteng, South Africa
183. Gene Ethics Limited, Australia
184. Gestos HIV and AIDS communication gender, Brazil
185. Gladiators of Hope, South Africa
186. Global Health Advocates France, France
187. Global Justice Now, United Kingdom
188. Governance Links Tanzania, Tanzania
189. Group of 80+ South Africa-affiliated Academics, South Africa
190. Grupo de Articulación y Dialogo, Guatemala
191. Grupo de Estudos em Economia Industrial, Brazil
192. Grupo de Incentivo à Vida GIV, Brazil
193. Grupo de Resistência Asa Branca- GRAB, Brazil
194. GTP+ Grupo de Trabalhos em Prevenção Posithivo, Brazil
195. Handelskampanjen, Norway
196. Health GAP, South Africa
197. Health Equity Initiatives, Malaysia
198. Health Innovation in Practice, Switzerland
199. Health Right Network, Republic of Korea
200. Hepatitis Scotland, United Kingdom
201. HIV Legal Network, Canada
202. Hospice Palliative Care Association (HPCA), South Africa
203. Human Rights Information and Training Center -HRITC, Yemen, Middle East
204. Indonesia AIDS Coalition, Indonesia
205. Indonesia for Global Justice (IGJ), Indonesia
206. Initiative for Health & Equity in Society, India
207. Instituto Brasileiro de Análises Sociais e Econômicas, Brazil
208. instituto para el desarrollo y la paz amazonica, Tarapoto – región San Martín – Perú
209. Instituto Vida Nova Integração Social Educação e cidadania, Brazil
210. Integrated Social Development Effort (ISDE) Bangladesh
211. International Community of Women living with HIV- Kenya Chapter, Kenya
212. International-Lawyers.Org Switzerland
213. IP Unit, Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town, South Africa
214. ISP Américas – Public Service International, Brazil
215. IT for Change, India
216. Its Our Future, New Zealand
217. Jan Swasthya Abhiyan Rajasthan, India
218. Just Treatment, United Kingdom
219. Kamara organic promoter, Rwanda
220. Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad, India
221. Knowledge commune, South Korea
222. Khulumani Support Group, South Africa
223. Korean Dentists Association for Healthy Society, South Korea
224. Korean Federation Medical Activist Groups for Health Rights (Association of Korea
Doctors for health rights, Association of Physicians for Humanism, Korean Dentist’s
Association for Healthy Society, Korean Pharmacists for Democratic Society,
Solidarity for worker’s health), Republic of Korea)
225. Korean Pharmacists for Democratic Society, South Korea
226. La Mundial, Spain
227. Lawyers Collective, India
228. Les anges du ciel, Afrique Centrale, DRCongo
229. Look Good Feel Better (LGFB), South Africa
230. Love Your Nuts (LYN), South Africa
231. Low Cost Standard Therapeutics, India
232. Lupus Foundation of South Africa, South Africa
233. Lymphoedema Association of South Africa (LAOSA), South Africa
234. Madhyam, India
235. Malawi Network of Religious Leaders Living with or Personally Affected by HIV
and AIDS (MANERELA+), Malawi
236. Malaysian Food Security And Sovereignty Forum (FKKM), Malaysia
237. Malaysian Women’s Action on Tobacco Control and Health (MyWATCH), Malaysia
238. Marie Stopes South Africa
239. Medical Students Association of India
240. Medico international, Germany
241. Médicos sin marca Colombia
242. Medicusmundi, Spain
243. Men’s Foundation, South Africa
244. Merebank Activist forum, South Africa
245. Misión Salud, Colombia
246. Mopaids Movimento Paulistano de Luta Contra a Aids, Brazil
247. New Zealand Council of Trade Unions, New Zealand
248. National Council Against Smoking, South Africa
249. National Fisheries Solidarity Movement, Sri Lanka
250. National Oncology Nursing Society of SA (NONSA), South Africa
251. National Union of Public and General Employees, Canada
252. National University of Colombia, Colombia
253. National Working Group on Patent Laws and WTO, India
254. Nepal Integrated Development Initiatives (NIDI), Nepal
255. NGO Federation of Nepal, Nepal
256. NGO’s platform of Saida- Lebanon
257. Nikithemba NPO, South Africa
258. Non-communicable Disease Alliance Kenya, Kenya
259. Observatório de Políticas e do Cuidado em Saúde/ Pólo UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
260. Ongd AFRICANDO, Spain
261. Organisation des Ruraux pour une Agriculture Durable (ORAD), Benin
262. OTMeds (Observatoire de la transparence dans les politiques du médicament), France
263. Pancreatic Cancer Network of SA (PanCan), South Africa
264. Palestinian NGOs Network, Palestine
265. PAPDA, (Plateforme haïtienne de plaidoyer pour un développement alternative) Haïti
266. Participatory Ecological Land Use Management Association Eswatini, Swaziland
267. Participatory Research Action Network (PRAN), Bangladesh
268. Partnership Network Association, Kyrgyzstan
269. Pan-African Treatment Access Movement (PATAM), Zimbabwe
270. People Living With Cancer (PLWC), South Africa
271. People’s Health Institute, Republic of Korea
272. People’s Health Movement Australia
273. People’s Health Movement Kenya
274. People’s Health Movement Nepal
275. People’s Health Movement South Africa
276. Phoenix Center for Economics & Informatics Studies-Jordan
277. Phoenix PLUS, Russia
278. Phoenix Settlement Trust, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
279. Pink Parasol Project, South Africa
280. Pink Trees for Pauline (Pink Trees), South Africa
281. Plataforma No Gracias, Spain
282. Plataforma Salud y Sanidad Pública Asturias, SPAIN
283. Pocket Cancer Support, South Africa
284. Policies for Equitable Access to Health (PEAH), Italy
285. Policy Analysis and Research of Lesotho, Lesotho
286. Positive Initiative, Republic of Moldova
287. Positive Malaysian Treatment Access & Advocacy Group (MTAAG+), Malaysia
288. Positive response for treatment access, adherence and support foundation, Nigeria
289. Prayas, India
290. Presentation Sisters, Wagga Wagga, NSW Australia
291. Prince MSHIYENI MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, South Africa
292. Program on Human Rights and the Global Economy, Northeastern U. School of Law,
US
293. Public Citizen, United States
294. Public Eye, Switzerland
295. Public Health Association of Australia
296. Rajasthan vidyut prasaran mazdoor congres intuc, Rajastan, India
297. Rainbows and Smiles, South Africa
298. Reach for Recovery (RFR), South Africa
299. Red Mexicana de acción frente al Libre Comercio (RMALC), Mexico
300. Rede Brasileira Pela Integração dos Povos (REBRIP), Brazil
301. Rede jovem Rio mais, Brazil
302. Religions for Peace South Africa
303. Republican public association “People PLUS”, Belarus
304. Research Foundation for Science Technology and Ecology, India
305. Réseau Accès aux Médicaments Essentiels, Burkina Faso
306. Réseau Mauritanien Pour L’Action Sociale- Mauritanie
307. Réseau PRODDES, République Démocratique du Congo
308. Right to Health Action [R2H Action], United States
309. Sahabat Alam Malaysia, Malaysia
310. Salud por Derecho, Spain
311. Salud y Fármacos, United States
312. Sampada Grameen Mahila Sanstha, India
313. Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy & Public Interest Clinic, Canada
314. Sanidad española, Spain
315. Sankalp Rehabilitation Trust, India
316. Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders Alliance (SABDA), South Africa
317. SEARCH Foundation, Australia
318. SECTION27, South Africa
319. Sisters of Charity Federation, United States
320. Social Awareness Service Organisation, India
321. Social Watch Bénin
322. Social Watch – Côte d’Ivoire
323. Social Watch – Philippines
324. Society of Development and Care, Kenya
325. Solidarité Agissante pour le Développement Familial SADF, République
Démocratique du Congo
326. Solidarity for Worker’s Health, Republic of Korea
327. S.O.S CEDIA – Criança e Desenvolvimento Integral De Angola
328. South African Food Sovereignty Campaign, South Africa
329. South African Oncology Social Workers’ Forum (SAOSWF) South Africa
330. Southern and Eastern Africa Trade Information and Negotiations Institute, Uganda
331. Southern & East African Trade Institute – South Africa (SEATINI), South Africa
332. Speaking 4 the Planet, Australia
333. STOPAIDS, United Kingdom
334. Students for Global Health, United Kingdom
335. Sukaar Welfare Organization, Pakistan
336. T1International, United Kingdom
337. Tax Justice Network Africa, Uganda
338. TB Proof, South Africa
339. TEDIC NGO, Paraguay
340. Terre A Vie, Ouagadougou ; Burkina Faso
341. The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Canada
342. The Global Network of People Living with HIV (GNP+) Netherlands
343. The Grail in Australia Justice Network, Australia
344. The Organization of Journalists Against Drugs and Crime in Tanzania
345. The Sunflower Funds (TSF), South Africa
346. Think Tank “Medicines, Information and Power” of the National University of
Colombia
347. Third World Network- Africa, Ghana
348. Trade Justice Pilipinas, Philippines
349. Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), South Africa
350. TRANSSMART TRUST, Zimbabwe
351. Tripla Difesa Onlus, Italy
352. TRCSS (Transdisciplinary Research Cluster on Sustainability Studies) JNU
Jawaharial Nehru University, New Delhi, India
353. Treatment Action Group, United States
354. The South African Depression and Anxiety Group (SADAG), South Africa
355. the South African Federation of Mental Health (SAFMH),
356. the South African Non-Communicable Diseases Alliance (SANCD Alliance)
357. the Cancer Alliance including Advocates for Breast Cancer, South Africa
358. The Stop Stock Outs Project (SSP), South Africa
359. Trade Justice PEI, Canada
360. UDK Consultancy, Malawi
361. ULOA…Uganda land owners association, Uganda
362. Unions WA, Western Australia
363. Union fédérale des consommateurs – Que Choisir, France
364. Vietnam Network of People living with HIV (VNP+), Vietnam
365. VREDE Foundation for Young People with Cancer (Vrede Foundation) South Africa
366. War on Want, United Kingdom
367. Washington Biotechnology Action Council, United States
368. Wemos, The Netherlands
369. We Rise and Prosper (WRAP), Uganda
370. Wings of Hope (WoH) South Africa
371. Win Without War, United States
372. Woman Health Philippines
373. Women Engage for a Common Future – The Netherlands
374. Women’s Coalition Against Cancer, Malawi
375. World Vision Deutschland e.V.,Germany
376. Wote Youth Development Projects, Kenya
377. Yemeni Observatory for Human Rights-Yemen
378. Zambia Alliance for Agroecology and Biodiversity, Lusaka
379. Zimbabwe National Network of PLHIV (ZNNP+), Zimbabwe